'Emancipation days:' What is Juneteenth and a brief history of slavery's end in Kentucky

Editor's Note: This article was originally published in the Lexington Herald-Leader on June 17, 2022.

Juneteenth, or Emancipation Day, will occur June 19 and be celebrated across the U.S. to mark the end of slavery, but Kentucky’s history with emancipation may be more complicated.

Juneteenth, a contraction referring to the events of June 19, 1865, celebrates the end of slavery in the U.S. after the Union won the American Civil War and began enforcing a stop to the practice in Confederate states.

While enslaved people were officially granted freedom with President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, it wasn’t until June 19, 1865, when the proclamation was enforced fully and enslaved laborers were deemed legally free.

“Juneteenth’s commemoration is on the anniversary date of June 19, 1865, when Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger led a force of soldiers to Galveston, Texas to deliver General Order No. 3,” according to the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government’s website. “This message stated that the war was over, the Union had won, and it had the manpower to enforce the end of slavery.”

WHAT DID THE ANNOUNCEMENT MEAN FOR KENTUCKY?

President Joe Biden established Juneteenth as a federally recognized holiday in 2021, honoring the events of June 19, 1865, but did you know even after this date, enslaved people still weren’t free in Kentucky?

Vanessa M. Holden, Ph.D. and an associate professor of history and African American and Africana Studies at the University of Kentucky, said even after the Civil War ended in April 1865 and Texans learned of the war’s end and that enslaved people were free in June 1865, Kentucky slaveholders continued the practice unabated.

Holden said Kentucky was a border state during the Civil War that did not secede from the Union.

While she said important wartime activity occurred in the Bluegrass State, including in the western part of the state, where a significant amount of people sided with the Confederacy, “the commonwealth itself was unaffected by the Union winning in 1865.”

“Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation only promised to free individuals held as slaves in states that were currently in rebellion,” she said. “So, enslavers in Kentucky were operating on the assumption that no matter what happened during the war, they would get to continue buying and selling human beings as property.”

Holden said at this point, the 13th Amendment, which made slavery illegal in the U.S., had passed Congress and states were ratifying the amendment, which led to it being included in the Constitution Dec. 6, 1865.

“While states rejoining the Union were being forced to ratify the 13th Amendment as a condition of coming back to the Union, and while other more heavily abolitionist states were voluntarily ratifying the amendment, Kentucky stood firm and did not ratify the 13th Amendment,” Holden said.

In fact, she said it wasn’t until the 1976 that the amendment was “symbolically” ratified in the Bluegrass State.

SLAVERY ENDS IN KENTUCKY

Slavery did not end in Kentucky until December 1865, Holden said.

Emancipation or manumission, the release from slavery, “happened pretty haphazardly and in lots of different ways,” she noted.

There were states that entered the Union that never allowed slavery, some that entered and were moving toward manumission in 1789 and others that freed enslaved people in the early 19th century.

“So, really, it’s not that the United States has one Emancipation Day. It has emancipation days,” Holden said. “Even in Kentucky itself by region, there are very different ideas of what emancipation, you know, when it should be celebrated.”

She said in some parts of the country, African Americans traditionally celebrate emancipation on the Fourth of July, while others celebrate on New Year’s Eve to remember waiting for the Emancipation Proclamation to take effect Jan. 1, 1863.

“I do think it’s important to note that while now a lot of people are saying, ‘Okay, maybe we can adopt June 19th to celebrate, you know, all of these complicated, very different emancipation dates,’ but even within each state, there are very different histories of when emancipation happened,” Holden said.